The Relationship between Lifestyle, Mental Health, and Loneliness in the Elderly during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The study focused on examining the relationship between well-being and various psychological factors such as loneliness, anxiety, depression, and stress, whilst also considering changes in lifestyle. A total of 108 elderly participants, with an average age of 70.38 years, were enrolled in this quantitative cross-sectional study. The research employed a battery of assessment tools including a Sociodemographic Data Questionnaire, Mini-Mental State Examination, Positive Mental Health Scale, Stress Perception Scale, Geriatric Anxiety Inventory, Geriatric Depression Scale (reduced version), Loneliness Scale, and International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was conducted in order to understand the distribution of scores across these variables, followed by the categorization of participants based on the reported alterations in eating and physical activity behaviors. Correlations between variables were assessed using Spearman correlation and an EBIC-LASSO network analysis. The findings indicated a potential detriment to the well-being of elderly individuals practicing social distancing, evidenced by heightened symptoms of loneliness, depression, anxiety, and stress, alongside the reported changes in dietary patterns and physical activity. The study underscores the importance of understanding the pandemic's impact on the well-being of older adults and advocates for longitudinal investigations to delineate the evolving effects of social distancing measures across different phases of the pandemic.

Depression and the risk of developing temporomandibular disorders in different diagnostic groups: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of depression in the development of TMD groups. METHODS: This systematic review with meta-analysis compared the prevalence and scores of depression between TMD groups and controls. RESULTS: The results showed that depression was a significant risk factor in the development of RDC/TMD axis I muscle disorders (group I) and arthralgia/osteoarthritis/osteoarthrosis (group III), and non-significant for disc displacements (group II). Severe depression had almost four times the risk of developing TMD as compared to moderate depression. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that addressing psychological factors in general, and depression in particular, in the managemenof TMD is crucial, especially in those TMD groups with higher pain levels (I and III), and the TMD pain reduction is crucial in reducing depression levels.

Prevalence and factors associated with no intention to exclusively breastfeed for the first 6 months of life

Abstract Objective: To investigate the prevalence and factors associated with no intention to exclusively breastfeed for the first 6 months of life in a sample of women in the first 24 h postpartum during the hospital stay. Methods: Cross-sectional study with data from screening phase of a birth cohort. The proportion of mothers who did not intend to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months (primary outcome) derived from a negative response to the question "Would you be willing to try to breastfeed exclusively for the first 6 months?", in an interview conducted by previously trained interviewers. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals were obtained by Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: A total of 2964 postpartum women were interviewed. The overall prevalence of mothers who did not intend to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months was 17.8% (16.4-19.1%). After adjusting for maternal age and type of pregnancy (singleton or multiple), no intention to exclusively breastfeed was higher in mothers with a monthly household income < 3 minimum wages (PR, 1.64; 1.35-1.98) and in those who intended to smoke 4-7 days/week after delivery (PR, 1.42; 1.11-1.83). The presence of significant newborn morbidity (PR, 0.32; 0.19-0.54) and intention to breastfeed up to 12 months (PR, 0.46; 0.38-0.55) had a protective effect against not intending to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months. Conclusions: Approximately 1 in every 5 mothers did not intend to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months. Strategies aimed at promoting exclusive breastfeeding should focus attention on mothers from lower economic strata and smokers.

Prevalence and factors associated with no intention to exclusively breastfeed for the first 6 months of life.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and factors associated with no intention to exclusively breastfeed for the first 6 months of life in a sample of women in the first 24 h postpartum during the hospital stay. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with data from screening phase of a birth cohort. The proportion of mothers who did not intend to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months (primary outcome) derived from a negative response to the question "Would you be willing to try to breastfeed exclusively for the first 6 months?", in an interview conducted by previously trained interviewers. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals were obtained by Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: A total of 2964 postpartum women were interviewed. The overall prevalence of mothers who did not intend to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months was 17.8% (16.4-19.1%). After adjusting for maternal age and type of pregnancy (singleton or multiple), no intention to exclusively breastfeed was higher in mothers with a monthly household income < 3 minimum wages (PR, 1.64; 1.35-1.98) and in those who intended to smoke 4-7 days/week after delivery (PR, 1.42; 1.11-1.83). The presence of significant newborn morbidity (PR, 0.32; 0.19-0.54) and intention to breastfeed up to 12 months (PR, 0.46; 0.38-0.55) had a protective effect against not intending to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 1 in every 5 mothers did not intend to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months. Strategies aimed at promoting exclusive breastfeeding should focus attention on mothers from lower economic strata and smokers.

Executive functions in Parkinson's disease / Funções executivas na doença de Parkinson / Funciones ejecutivas en la enfermedad de Parkinson

The objective of this study was to investigate executive functions (EFs) in older adults with Parkinson's disease (PD). It was a cross-sectional and comparative study, composed of 62 participants divided into PD group (n = 31; M age = 75.26; SD age = 7.26) and control group (n = 31; M age = 74.03; SD age = 6.95), aged 61 to 93 years, recruited for convenience in 5 cities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The instruments used were a sociodemographic data questionnaire; MMSE; GDS-15; BIS-11; verbal fluency tasks (FAS and animals), DEX; WCST-64 and FDT. Descriptive analyzes and Student's t and Chi-square tests were used. The PD group had a lower performance in the WCST-64 and FDT tests compared to controls, indicating worse performance in tasks that required reasoning, cognitive flexibility and processing speed, in addition, showed difficulties in performing tasks that require EF (DEX). (AU)

O objetivo foi investigar as funções executivas (FE) em idosos com Doença de Parkinson (DP). Estudo transversal e comparativo, composto por 62 participantes, 50% do sexo feminino, recrutados por conveniência em cinco cidades do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, e divididos em dois grupos: com DP (n = 31; Midade = 75,26; DP idade = 7,26) e grupo controle (n = 31; M idade = 74,03; DP idade = 6,95), com idade entre 61 e 93 anos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: questionário de dados sociodemográficos, MEEM; GDS-15; BIS-11; tarefas de fluência verbal (FAS e animais); DEX; WCST-64 e FDT. Foram utilizadas análises descritivas e os testes t de Student e Qui-quadrado. O grupo com DP teve desempenho inferior nos testes WCST-64 e FDT em comparação aos controles, indicando pior desempenho nas tarefas que exigiam raciocínio, flexibilidade cognitiva e velocidade de processamento, além disso, mostraram dificuldades ao realizar tarefas que demandam FE (DEX). (AU)

El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar las funciones ejecutivas (FE) en ancianos con enfermedad de Parkinson (EP). Se trató de un estudio transversal y comparativo, compuesto por 62 participantes, 50% mujeres, reclutados por conveniencia en cinco ciudades de la provincia de Rio Grande do Sul, y divididos en dos grupos: con EP (n = 31; M edad = 75,26; DS edad = 7,26) y grupo control (n = 31; M edad = 74,03; DS edad = 6,95). Fueron usados cuestionarios de datos sociodemográficos, MEEM, GDS-15; BIS-11; tareas de fluencia verbal (FAS y animales), DEX; WCST-64 y FDT. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, prueba t de Student y chi-cuadrado. El grupo EP tuvo un rendimiento más bajo en las pruebas WCST-64 y FDT en comparación con el grupo control, lo que indica un peor rendimiento en tareas que requerían razonamiento, flexibilidad cognitiva y velocidad de procesamiento, además, mostró dificultades para realizar tareas que demandan FE (DEX). (AU)

Perceived overall self-efficacy and motivation to learn in high school teenagers / Autoeficacia general percibida y motivación para aprender en adolescentes de educación media / Autoeficácia geral percebida e motivação para aprender em adolescentes do Ensino Médio

Abstract Self-efficacy is the belief each one has about their performance abilities. Motivation to learn is considered an important construct that encourages individuals to perform their tasks. This study aimed to verify the correlation between self-efficacy and intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in teenagers, investigating potential differences related to gender and age - younger (14 to 16 years) and older (17 to 19 years) teenagers. 296 adolescents from 14 to 19 years old (M=16.03; SD=0.96) participated in the study, 57% female, 66% were students from public schools and 34% from private schools. The instruments used were: a sociodemographic data questionnaire, the Perceived General Self-Efficacy Scale and the Scale for Evaluation of Motivation to Learn for high school students. Descriptive analyses, Pearson correlation and Student's t-test for independent samples were performed. The results indicated a positive correlation between self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation, and a negative correlation between self-efficacy and extrinsic motivation. Girls showed higher averages in intrinsic motivation and boys higher averages in extrinsic motivation. Male participants achieve higher means of self-efficacy when compared to girls, and there was no statistically significant difference regarding age. The establishing of strategies in schools is important, once self-efficacy and motivation can interfere in the teenagers' learning process.

Resumen La autoeficacia se refiere a las creencias que cada individuo tiene acerca de sus propias capacidades para ejecutar una tarea, mientras que la motivación para aprender se considera un constructo de notoria importancia debido a que estimula al individuo a realizar sus tareas. Teniendo en cuenta estos dos conceptos, el objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la correlación entre la autoeficacia y la motivación intrínseca y extrínseca en adolescentes por medio de un análisis de las posibles diferencias en las medias por género y por franjas etarias -adolescentes de 14 a 16 años y de 17 a 19 años-. En total, participaron 296 adolescentes de 14 a 19 años (M = 16.03; DE = .96) -57 % de género femenino-, estudiantes de educación media de escuelas públicas (66 %) y privadas (34 %). Específicamente, se utilizó una ficha de datos sociodemográficos, la Escala de Autoeficacia General Percibida (EAGP) y la Escala de Motivación para Aprender (EMA-EM), instrumentos con los que se realizó un análisis de correlación de Pearson y el test t de Student para muestras independientes. Como resultados, se observó una correlación positiva entre la autoeficacia y la motivación intrínseca, una correlación negativa entre la autoeficacia y la motivación extrínseca, medias más altas para la motivación intrínseca en las mujeres y para la motivación extrínseca en los hombres, y medias más altas en autoeficacia en los hombres. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las franjas etarias. Con esto, resulta fundamental establecer estrategias para las escuelas que tengan en cuenta que la autoeficacia y la motivación pueden interferir en el proceso de aprendizaje de los adolescentes.

Resumo A autoeficácia diz respeito às crenças que cada indivíduo tem sobre suas capacidades de desempenho. Já a motivação para aprender é considerada um construto importante que estimula o indivíduo a realizar suas tarefas. Neste estudo, objetivou-se verificar a correlação entre autoeficácia e motivação intrínseca e extrínseca em adolescentes, investigando possíveis diferenças nas médias por gênero e faixas etárias distintas -adolescentes mais novos (de 14 a 16 anos) e mais velhos (de 17 a 19 anos). Participaram do estudo 296 adolescentes de 14 a 19 anos (M = 16.03; DP = 0.96), 57 % do gênero feminino, estudantes de Ensino Médio de escolas públicas (66 %) e privadas (34 %). Foram utilizadas uma ficha de dados sociodemográficos, a Escala de Autoeficácia Geral Percebida e a Escala de Motivação para Aprender. Análises descritivas, correlação de Pearson e teste t de Student para amostras independentes foram realizados. Houve correlação positiva entre autoeficácia e motivação intrínseca, e correlação negativa entre autoeficácia e motivação extrínseca, sendo que as meninas apresentaram médias mais altas na motivação intrínseca e os meninos médias mais altas na motivação extrínseca. Os adolescentes do gênero masculino obtiveram maiores médias de autoeficácia quando comparados com as meninas, e não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto às faixas etárias dos adolescentes. Portanto, estabelecer estratégias nas escolas é fundamental, uma vez que a autoeficácia e a motivação podem interferir no processo de aprendizagem dos adolescentes.

Avaliação de Bem-Estar Psicológico e Sintomas Depressivos em Idosos Saudáveis / Evaluation of Psychological Well-Being and Depressive Symptoms in Healthy Elderly People / Evaluación de Bienestar Psicológico y Sintomas Depresivos en Los Idosos Saludables

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a relação entre bem-estar psicológico e a presença de sintomas depressivos em idosos saudáveis. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: ficha de dados sociodemográficos, EDEP e BDI-II. Os dados foram analisados com o auxílio do SPSS, por meio de frequências, média, desvio padrão e correlações de Spearman. A amostra foi composta por 64 idosos, com média de idade de 69,61 (DP=7,58) e média de escolaridade de 4,59 anos de estudo (DP=2,61). Os resultados indicaram correlação inversa, moderada e significativa entre sintomatologia depressiva e os domínios autonomia, ambiente e relações positivas com os outros, encontrou-se ainda correlação inversa e fraca entre sintomatologia depressiva e crescimento pessoal. Acredita-se que escolaridade e atividade física podem ser fatores protetivos para depressão e bem-estar psicológico no envelhecimento. Por fim, levanta-se a hipótese de haver uma retroalimentação entre as variáveis que se correlacionaram entre si de forma significativa neste estudo. (AU)

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between psychological well-being and depressive symptoms in healthy elderly people. The instruments used were: sociodemographic data questionnaire, EDEP and BDI-II. The data were analyzed in the SPSS using mean and SD, and Spearman correlations. The sample consisted of 64 elderly, with a mean age of 69.61 years (SD=7.58) and a mean educational level of 4.59 years (SD=2.61). The results indicate an inverse, moderate and significant correlation between depressive symptomatology and the domains: autonomy, environment, and positive relationships with others. There was also an inverse and weak correlation between depressive symptomatology and personal growth domain. It is believed that education level can be a protective factor for depression and psychological well-being in aging. Finally, the hypothesis is that there is a feedback cycle between the significantly correlated variables in this study. (AU)

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la relación entre bienestar psicológico y la presencia de síntomas depresivos en ancianos sanos. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: ficha de datos sociodemográficos, EDEP y BDI-II. Los datos fueron analizados con la ayuda del SPSS, por medio de frecuencias, media, desviación estándar y correlaciones de Spearman. La muestra fue compuesta por 64 ancianos, siendo la media de edad fue 69,61 (+7,58) y la media de escolaridad fue de 4,59 años de estudio (+2,61). Los resultados indicaron correlación inversa, moderada y significativa entre sintomatología depresiva y los dominios autonomía, ambiente y relaciones positivas con los demás, se encontró una correlación inversa y débil entre sintomatología depresiva y crecimiento personal. Se cree que la escolaridad y la actividad física son factores protectores para la depresión y el bienestar psicológico en el envejecimiento. Por último, se plantea la hipótesis de que hay una retroalimentación entre las variables que se correlacionaron entre sí de forma significativa en este estudio. (AU)

Cannabis Legalization: Perceptions of Psychiatrists and Recovering Users / Legalização da Maconha: Percepção de Psiquiatras e de Usuários em Recuperação / Legalización de la Marihuana: Percepción de Psiquiatras y de Usuarios en Recuperación

Abstract The legalization of cannabis in Brazil is a topic that is currently being discussed. As well as public health issues, it also involves social, legal and educational aspects. Accordingly, this study aimed to verify the perception of psychiatrists and recovering cannabis users regarding the legalization of cannabis in Brazil. This was an exploratory qualitative study. The study included 20 participants aged 26 to 71 (80% male), 10 composing the group of psychiatrists, and 10 the group of recovering cannabis users. Semi-structured interviews were performed and analyzed using content analysis. The majority of the participants (85%) were not in favor of cannabis legalization Brazil. The reports mentioned physical, psychic and social damage, as well as the absence and inefficiency of public policies. However, they were positive regarding cannabidiol treatments for refractory diseases. More studies are needed that contemplate this theme, encompassing other populations, in order to provide better explanations.

Resumo A legalização da maconha no Brasil é um tema que vem sendo discutido atualmente, pois além de questões sobre saúde pública, envolve também aspectos sociais, jurídicos e educacionais. Portanto, o estudo teve como objetivo verificar a percepção de médicos psiquiatras e usuários de maconha em recuperação sobre a legalização de maconha no Brasil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa exploratória. O estudo foi composto por 20 participantes com idades entre 26 e 71 anos (80% do sexo masculino), 10 compondo o grupo de médicos psiquiatras, e 10 usuários de maconha em recuperação. Foi aplicada uma entrevista semiestruturada, e utilizada a análise de conteúdo. A maioria dos participantes se posicionaram de maneira desfavorável (85%) a legalização da maconha Brasil. Os relatos incluíram prejuízos físicos, psíquicos e sociais, bem como a ausência e ineficácia de políticas públicas. Porém, tiveram postura positiva aos tratamentos com canabidiol para doenças refratárias. Portanto, necessita-se de mais pesquisas que contemplem este tema, abarcando outras populações a fim de trazer melhores esclarecimentos.

Resumen La legalización de la marihuana en Brasil es un tema que viene siendo discutido actualmente, pues además de cuestiones sobre salud pública, involucra también aspectos sociales, jurídicos y educativos. Por lo tanto el estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar la percepción de médicos psiquiatras y usuarios de marihuana en recuperación sobre la legalización de marihuana en Brasil. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa exploratoria. El estudio fue compuesto por 20 participantes con edades entre 26 y 71 años (80% del sexo masculino), 10 componiendo el grupo de médicos psiquiatras, y 10 usuarios de marihuana en recuperación. Se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada, y se utilizó el análisis de contenido. La mayoría de los participantes se posicionaron de manera desfavorable (85%) la legalización de la marihuana en Brasil. Los relatos incluyeron pérdidas físicas, psíquicas y sociales, así como la ausencia e ineficacia de políticas públicas. Pero tuvieron postura positiva a los tratamientos con canabidiol para enfermedades refractarias. Por lo tanto, se necesitan más investigaciones que contemplen este tema, abarcando otras poblaciones a fin de traer mejores aclaraciones.

Neuropsychological Assessment of Older Adults With Virtual Reality: Association of Age, Schooling, and General Cognitive Status.

The development of neuropsychological assessment methods using virtual reality (VR) is a valid and promising option for the detection of cognitive impairment in the older people, focusing on activities composed of tasks of multiple demands. This study verified the association of age, schooling, and general cognitive status on the performance of neurologically healthy older adults in ECO-VR, a VR task of multiple demands for neuropsychological assessment. A total of 111 older adults answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Mini Mental State Examination, the Vocabulary subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults (third edition), and the ECO-VR. Correlation analyses, multiple linear regression, and comparisons between groups (effects by age and schooling groups) were used to evaluate the results. The ECO-VR total score was significantly associated with age, years of education, MMSE, and Vocabulary subtest. The linear regression models identified that age was the main predictor for total score and rule breaking of ECO-VR. According to the univariate analysis, it was identified the main effect of age group and schooling group in the total ECO-VR score, but there was no interaction effect. The results are discussed in order to understand the role of sociodemographic characteristics in the performance of older adults in a VR task of multiple demands. It was also verified the possibility use of VR for neuropsychological assessment of older adults.